Results & Downloads

Discussion and analysis of RadioWeaves architecture, including control mechanisms and requirements on analog and digital hardware, leading into energy models for both domains and energy efficiency case studies for both communication and power transfer. Conclusions regarding energy consumption for different deployment/design choices are drawn.

This report summarizes all dissemination and com-munication activities carried out since project start and addresses planned activities beyond project lifetime (update of D6.3).

D5.3 reports the concept validation and experimental results of the RadioWeaves technology, corresponding to the activities in Task 5.1 and Task 5.2 of REINDEER. In total, five experiments are conducted covering multiuser capabilities, low-latency and reliable communication, accurate positioning,
interacting (powering, communicating with, and positioning) with energy-neutral device (END), and reconfigurability with dynamic hardware resource allocation.

This deliverable consolidates experimental findings from D5.1 and D5.3 into a series of demonstration videos, offering a visual representation of key challenges and solutions addressed in REINDEER. These videos cover topics such as dynamic resource allocation, robustness versus latency trade-offs, accurate positioning, energy-neutral device interaction, and multi-user capabilities. Together, they highlight the advancements in distributed antenna systems and wireless power transfer technologies, offering new insights into the development of next-generation wireless ecosystems.

Detailed experimental validation plan, design of experiments, and definition of common formats. This report provides a detailed experimental validation plan. The design of experiments describes the distributed RadioWeaves topologies to be realized in the KU Leuven testbed and the particular experiments to be performed in the ULund testbed. D5.1 also defines formats for interfacing with RadioWeaves panels and for the exchange of experimental data.

Assessment of signalling schemes, protocols, and algorithms for energy-neutral devices. Quantitative assessment of wireless power transfer, high-rate communications, and accurate positioning with energy neutral devices, based on the designs described in D4.2.

This deliverable builds on the theoretical foundation formed in D3.1 and provides a more detailed analysis of robustness and latency aspects of the RadioWeaves concept. New methods are presented, covering robust beamforming, employment of constant envelope waveforms, support of environmental awareness, and scheduling and control mechanisms for dynamic environments.

Position estimation and environment learning. Report on fundamental performance limits for positioning, algorithm design and analysis for system calibration, positioning and synchronization as well as data fusion of information from radio infrastructure. An algorithm for environment sensing and learning exploits MIMO radar to infer mirror source locations.

This deliverable reports on the evaluation and design of hardware resources needed for transfer of energy to energyneutral nodes and backscattering-based connectivity to these nodes. The assessment of the hardware requirements takes energy efficiency as an important target, and includes different aspects such as synchronization, reciprocity calibration, and out-of-band constraints due to frontend non-linearities.

This deliverable provides estimates of distributed hardware resources, and their synchronization, needed to implement targeted algorithms for selected services and the associated requirements on back-haul data transfer between processing/hardware units.

This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.3, complementing the inventory of use cases and technical requirements for KPIs in D1.1, discussing the actual achievable performance based on the results of the project. The results are used to connect the corresponding use cases and KPIs by discussing the essential application requirements, for example energy neutral device (END) operation, positioning, low latency, synchronization or multiple access.

Joint Localization, Synchronization and Mapping via Phase-Coherent Distributed Arrays – article by Alessio Fascista, Benjamin Deutschmann, Musa Furkan Keskin, Thomas Wilding, Angelo Coluccia, Klaus Witrisal, Erik Leitinger, Gonzalo Seco-Granados and Henk Wymeersch

Experimental Study on the Effect of Synchronization Accuracy for Near-Field RF Wireless Power Transfer in Multi-Antenna Systems – academic article by Gilles Callebaut, Jarne Van Mulders, Bert Cox, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Geoffrey Ottoy, Lieven De Strycker and Liesbet Van der Perre

Spatial separation of closely-spaced users in measured distributed massive MIMO channels – academic article by Yingjie Xu, Michiel Sandra, Xuesong Cai, Sara Willhammar and Fredrik Tufvesson

A Flexible Framework for Grant-Free Random Access in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems – academic article by Sai Subramanyam Thoota and Erik G. Larsson

Reducing Dynamic Range in Bistatic Backscatter Communication via Beamforming Design – academic article by Ahmet Kaplan, Diana P. M. Osorio and Erik G. Larsson

Single versus Multi-Tone Wireless Power Transfer with Physically Large Arrays – academic article by Jarne Van Mulders, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Geoffrey Ottoy, Lieven De Strycker, Liesbet Van der Perre, Thomas Wilding and Gilles Callebaut

Keeping Energy-Neutral Devices Operational: a Coherent Massive Beamforming Approach – academic article by Jarne Van Mulders, Bert Cox, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Gilles Callebaut, Lieven de Strycker and Liesbet Van der Perre

Combined Wideband Channel Estimation and Direct Link Interference Mitigation in Bistatic Backscatter Systems – academic article by Lukas D’Angelo, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann and Klaus Witrisal

How to Perform Distributed Precoding to Wirelessly Power Shelf Labels : Signal Processing and Measurements – academic article by Gilles Callebaut; Jarne Van Mulders; Bert Cox; Liesbet Van der Perre; Lieven De Strycker and François Rottenberg

Cell-free Massive MIMO with Sequential Fronthaul Architecture and Limited Memory Access Points – article by Vida Ranjbar, Robbert Beerten, Marc Moonen and Sofie Pollin

Explore the latest edition of the REINDEER Newsletter!

Accurate Direct Positioning in Distributed MIMO Using Delay-Doppler Channel Measurements – academic article by Benjamin Deutschmann, Christian Nelson, Mikael Henriksson, Gian Marti, Alva Kosasih, Nuutti Tervo, Erik Leitinger and Fredrik Tufvesson

Access Point Selection for Bistatic Backscatter Communication in Cell-Free MIMO – academic article by Ahmet Kaplan, Diana P. M. Osorio and Erik G. Larsson

Joint Optimization of Switching Point and Power Control in Dynamic TDD Cell-Free Massive MIMO by Martin Andersson, Tung T. Vu, Pål Frenger and Erik G. Larsson

Robust Precoding Weights for Downlink D-MIMO in 6G Communications by Ke Wang Helmersson, Pål Frenger and Anders Helmersson

Distributed MIMO Precoding with Routing Constraints in Segmented Fronthaul – academic article by Jale Sadreddini, Omer Haliloglu and Andres Reial

Robust Covariance-Based Activity Detection for Massive Access – academic article by Jianan Bai and Erik G. Larsson

Anchor Layout Optimization for Ultrasonic Indoor Positioning Using Swarm Intelligence – academic article by Daan Delabie, Thomas Wilding, Liesbet Van der Perre and Lieven De Strycker

Energy Reduction in Cell-Free Massive MIMO through Fine-Grained Resource Management – academic article by Özlem Tuğfe Demir, Lianet Méndez-Monsanto, Nicola Bastianello, Emma Fitzgerald and Gilles Callebaut

Joint Sequential Fronthaul Quantization and Hardware Complexity Reduction in Uplink Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks – academic article by Vida Ranjbar, Robbert Beerten, Marc Moonen and Sofie Pollin

Scheduling of Industrial Control Traffic for Dynamic RAN Slicing with Distributed Massive MIMO – academic article by Emma Fitzgerald and Michał Pióro

Distributed MIMO Measurements for Integrated Communication and Sensing in an Industrial Environment – academic article by by Christian Nelson, Xuhong Li, Aleksei Fedorov, Benjamin Deutschmann and Fredrik Tufvesson

Massive Synchrony in Distributed Antenna Systems by Erik G. Larsson from Linköping University

Multipath-Based SLAM for Non-Ideal Reflective Surfaces Exploiting Multiple-Measurement Data Association – article by Lukas Wielandner, Alexander Venus, Thomas Wilding and Erik Leitinger

Sequential Processing in Cell-free Massive MIMO Uplink with Limited Memory Access Points – academic article by Vida Ranjbar, Robbert Beerten, Marc Moonen and Sofie Pollin

Towards Practical Cell-Free 6G Network Deployments: An Open-Source End-to-End Ray Tracing Simulator – academic article by William Tärneberg, Aleksei Fedorov, Gilles Callebaut, Liesbet Van der Perre and Emma Fitzgerald

The project members Erik G. Larsson and Liesbet Van der Perre are revealing insights into our project in the blog post called “Golden Frequencies” on the website Wireless Future. They unravel the revolutionary advancements, challenges, and real-world applications reshaping the industry. Click on the link on the right to delve into this insightful read!

BeamSync: Over-The-Air Synchronization for Distributed Massive MIMO Systems – academic article by Unnikrishnan Kunnath Ganesan, Rimalapudi Sarvendranath and Erik G. Larsson

Design of signaling schemes, protocols, and algorithms for energy-neutral devices. Report on the system design studies for achieving wireless power transfer, and efficient communications with energy neutral devices, while leveraging environment awareness.

This document provides fundamental performance limits of a RadioWeaves infrastructure with respect to the interaction with energy neutral devices. In particular, the maximum regulatory-compliant power budget and achievable initial access distance are derived, and backscatter communication schemes and data rates are discussed. Emphasis has been put on an efficiency model as well as a channel model representing wireless power transfer in a physically correct manner and the verification thereof using realistic measurements.

D3.2 provides a framework for communication and initial access in networks with RadioWeaves, including
both communication-theoretic analysis and numerical simulations from Task 3.1 and Task 3.3, as well as the key insights and guidelines for practical design. D3.2 will in particular demonstrate how to reach the application needs set in WP1.

D1.2 reports on the work performed for task T1.2 focusing on radio channel measurement, characterization and modelling for RadioWeaves (RW). To study channel characteristics of RW in real indoor environments, several measurement campaigns were conducted in Lund and Graz. We used various measurement settings in terms of geometric configurations of array and user equipments (UEs), static/dynamic environments, line-of-sight (LoS)/non-line-ofsight (NLoS) propagation conditions and signal bandwidth, etc, to simulate different RW use cases that are defined in deliverable D1.1.

Resource Efficient Over-the-Air Fronthaul Signaling for Uplink Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems – academic article by Zakir Hussain Shaik, Sai Subramanyam Thoota, Emil Björnson and Erik G. Larsson

The 5G PPP Steering Board and the 5G PPP Technology Board, have published their paper “5G PPP in Review” with REINDEER’s contribution.

An Open Dataset Storage Standard for 6G Testbeds – academic article by Gilles Callebaut, Michiel Sandra, Christian Nelson, Thomas Wilding, Daan Delabie, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, William Tärneberg, Emma Fitzgerald, Anders J. Johansson and Liesbet Van der Perre

6G Radio Testbeds: Requirements, Trends, and Approaches – academic article by Gilles Callebaut, Liang Liu, Thomas Eriksson, Liesbet Van der Perre, Ove Edfors and Christian Fager

Data-Driven Robust Beamforming for Initial Access – academic article by Sai Subramanyam Thoota, Joao Vieira and Erik G. Larsson

Dynamic Range Improvement in Bistatic Backscatter Communication Using Distributed MIMO
by Ahmet Kaplan, Joao Vieira, Erik G. Larsson 

Direct Link Interference Suppression for Bistatic Backscatter Communication in Distributed MIMO
by Ahmet Kaplan, Joao Vieira, Erik G. Larsson 

Towards Sustainable and Trustworthy 6G – Challenges, Enables and Architectural Design with REINDEER Contributing Authors: Ch. 2: Pål Frenger (EAB); Ch. 3: Vida Ranjbar (KU Leuven); Ch. 4: Liesbet Van der Perre (KU Leuven), Thomas Wilding (TU Graz); Ch. 6: Benjamin Deutschmann (TU Graz), Liesbet Van der Perre (KU Leuven), Klaus Witrisal, Thomas Wilding (TU Graz)

Propagation Modeling for Physically Large Arrays: Measurements and Multipath Component Visibility by Thomas Wilding, Benjamin Deutschmann, Christian Nelson, Xuhong Li, Fredrik Tufvesson, Klaus Witrisal

TU Graz gave a presentation at the 2023 EuCNC & 6G Summit in Gothenburg.

Phase Calibration of Distributed Antenna Arrays by E.G. Larsson and J. Vieira

7th edition by the 6G Start project, with a REINDEER contribution on page 103.
More information available on our blog

Thomas Wilding gave a presentation at a Workshop at Graz University of Technology, Austria.

Bistatic MIMO Radar Sensing of Specularly Reflecting Surfaces for Wireless Power Transfer by Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Maximilian Graber, Thomas Wilding, Klaus Witrisal

Beyond 5G/6G KPI Measurement with REINDEER contribution

RF Energy Harvester Circuits Supplied with Multi-sine Signals by Jarne Van Mulders , Chesney Buyle , Lieven De Strycker , Liesbet Van der Perre

Distributed Signal Processing for Out-of-System Interference Suppression in Cell-Free Massive MIMO by Zakir Hussain Shaik and Erik G. Larsson.

Grant-Free Random Access of IoT devices in Massive MIMO with Partial CSI by Gilles Callebaut, Franc ̧ois Rottenberg, Liesbet Van der Perre and Erik G. Larsson

Large Intelligent Surface Measurements for Joint Communication and Sensing by Christian Nelson, Xuhong Li, Thomas Wilding, Benjamin Deutschmann, Klaus Witrisal and Fredrik Tufvesson.

Impact of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Geometry on Communication Performance by Zhuangzhuang Cui, Sofie Pollin

Uplink D-MIMO Processing and Combining Using Kalman Filter by Ke Wang Helmersson, Pal Frenger, Anders Helmersson

XL-MIMO Channel Modeling and Prediction for Wireless Power Transfer – academic article by Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Thomas Wilding, Maximilian Graber and Klaus Witrisal

UAV-Based Servicing of IoT Nodes: Assessment of Ecological Impact– academic article by Jarne Van Mulders, Jona Cappelle, Sarah Goossens, Lieven De Strycker and Liesbet Van der Perre

Uplink Joint Positioning and Synchronization in Cell-Free Deployments with Radio Stripes – academic article by Alessio Fascista, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Musa Furkan Keskin, Thomas Wilding, Angelo Coluccia, Klaus Witrisal, Erik Leitinger, Gonzalo Seco-Granados and Henk Wymeersch

“The 6G Architecture Landscape – European perspective” – by Bahare, Massod Khorsandi; Gavras, Anastasius; Gramaglia, Marco; Cosmas, John; Li, Xi; Bulakci, Ömer; Rahman, Arifur; Kostopoulos, Alexandros; Mesodiakaki, Agapi; Tsolkas, Dimitris; Ericson, Mårten; Boldi, Mauro; Uusitalo, Mikko; Ghoraishi, Mir; Rugeland, Patrik

This white paper summarizes the main findings from the European research landscape on the vision of the 6G architecture. Such a design vision is derived from around 45 projects starting from October 2020 in all relevant areas of 5G while paving the way towards 6G, within the 5G Public Private-Partnership (5G PPP) in the scope of the European Framework for Research and Innovation (the list of contributing projects can be obtained from the 5G PPP website.). At present, the European networking research community has started a new program along with 33 projects on the Smart Networks and Service (SNS) programme that will focus on 5G advanced and 6G. The 5G/B5G Architecture Working Group (WG), as part of the 5G PPP Initiative, is identifying and capturing novel trends and key technological enablers for the realization of the 5G and 6G architecture. The main findings and results of the Architecture WG are now captured in this white paper, which presents a consolidated view from European perspective on the technical directions for the architecture design in the 6G era.

The 6G Architecture Landscape – European perspective | Zenodo

Finite Precision Implementation of Recursive Algorithms for Uplink Detection in Cell-Free Networks
by Vida Ranjbar, Sofie Pollin, Marc Moonen

RadioWeaves For Communication, Positioning, And WPT: How To Share Resources? by Gilles Callebaut, Emma Fitzgerald, Liang Liu, Lieven De Strycker, Fredrik Tufvesson and Liesbet Van der Perre

Energy-Efficient Power Allocation for an Underlay Spectrum Sharing RadioWeaves Network – academic article by Zakir Hussain Shaik, Rimalapudi Sarvendranath and Erik G. Larsson

Activity Detection in Distributed MIMO: Distributed AMP via Likelihood Ratio Fusion – academic article by Jianan Bai and Erik G. Larsson

Dynamic Federations for 6G Cell-Free Networking: Concepts and Terminology – academic article by Gilles Callebaut, William Tärneberg, Liesbet Van der Perre, Emma Fitzgerald

Wireless Power Transfer: Systems, Circuits, Standards, and Use Cases – academic article by Jarne Van Mulders; Daan Delabie; Cédric Lecluyse; Chesney Buyle; Gilles Callebaut; Liesbet Van der Perre; Lieven De Strycker

Grant-Free Random Access in Massive MIMO for Static Low-Power IoT Nodes – academic article by Gilles Callebaut, Liesbet Van der Perre, François Rottenberg

Physical Layer Abstraction Model for RadioWeaves – academic article by Rimalapudi Sarvendranath, Unnikrishnan Kunnath Ganesan, Zakir Hussain Shaik, Erik G. Larsson

The second REINDEER newsletter is now available for download. In this edition, we present a message from the technical lead, an update on current work in the project including recent publications, a listing of past & upcoming events, an overview of REINDEER related podcasts and a special focus on the teams’ contributions to ICC 2022. Please have a look and of course, share within your network.

„Beyond 5G/6G KPIs and Target Values” by Nielsen, Lars;  Gavras, Anastasius;  Dieudonne, Michael;  Mesogiti, Ioanna;  Roosipuu, Priit; Houatra, Drissa; Kosmatos, Evangelos

The main objective of this document is to present the current view of the available B5G and 6G KPIs from 5G PPP phase III projects with a focus on projects of the ICT-52 call. This view includes mapping to KPIs previously defined for 5G and evaluating how they might evolve to fit the B5G and 6G visions…

Uplink D-MIMO with Decentralized Subset Combining – academic article by Ke Wang Helmersson; Pål Frenger and Anders Helmersson

Location-based Initial Access for Wireless Power Transfer with Physically Large Arrays – academic article by Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Thomas Wilding, Erik G. Larsson and Klaus Witrisal.

Techtile – Open 6G R&D Testbed for Communication, Positioning, Sensing, WPT and Federated Learning – academic article by Gilles Callebaut, Jarne Van Mulders, Geoffrey Ottoy, Daan Delabie, Bert Cox, Nobby Stevens, Liesbet Van der Perre

D1.1 provides an inventory of interactive use case specifications, representative deployment scenarios, technical requirements and KPIs for the four focus domains. D1.1 includes the initial channel model based on existing measurements and models. It reports on the particular investigation of the origin of latency in wireless applications.

D2.1 provides an initial assessment of the RadioWeaves infrastructure, developed in WP2 of REINDEER. Taking the description of RadioWeaves in D1.1 and the use cases and KPIs defined therein, as a starting point, a first version of the building blocks of the infrastructure are presented, together with new terminology. Architecture and topology are introduced together with a quantitative and qualitative analysis of high-level requirements on a RadioWeaves infrastructure, setting the scope for more detailed investigations and design.

D3.1 develops a framework for physical-layer performance evaluation of RadioWeaves. Specifically, an effective-SINR abstraction model is developed and shown to be accurate and highly efficient in terms of computational complexity. Furthermore, this document evaluates complexity of existing algorithms in terms of computational load and front-haul signaling for different cell-free topologies considered in the literature. It also proposes efficient algorithms for distributed MIMO processing of RadioWeaves with centralized and decentralized approaches.

This deliverable presents the REINDEER communication kit, including the project’s visual identity as well as communication and dissemination materials, which are used within the project.

This report constitutes an updated plan and initial report on the partners` dissemination and communication activities of the first 12 months. It also includes an overview of the advancements in terms of spectrum harmonization that took place in different radio regulatory bodies (e.g. as the ITU), and a short forecast on how current advancements may shape 6G in terms of, e.g. overall requirements, allocated spectrum parts, etc.

This Project Quality Plan constitutes a set of project templates and explanations on the project management process, review process, quality checks and meeting organisation, which are communicated to all partners.

A Multi-band Solution for Interacting with Energy-Neutral Devices – an academic article by Chesney Buyle, Bert Cox, Liesbet Van der Perre and Lieven De Strycker.

Reciprocity calibration of Distributed Massive MIMO Access Points for Coherent Operation – academic article by Joao Vieira and Erik G. Larsson.

BeamSync: Over-The-Air Carrier Synchronization in Distributed RadioWeaves – an academic article by Unnikrishnan Kunnath Ganesan, Rimalapudi Sarvendranath and Erik G. Larsson.

The first REINDEER newsletter is now available for download. In this edition, we present a message from the coordinator, all workpackages in the project, a listing of past and upcoming events and a look at all recent media releases. Please have a look and of course, share within your network.

Partial Interference Suppression in Massive MIMO Systems: Taxonomy and Experimental Analysis – an academic article by Andrea P. Guevara, Cheng-Ming Chen, Alessandro Chiumento and Sofie Pollin.

A Primer on Techtile: An R&D Testbed for Distributed Communication, Sensing and Positioning – an academic article by Gilles Callebaut, Jarne Van Mulder, Geoffrey Ottoy and Liesbet Van der Perre.

Physical Layer Latency Management Mechanisms: A Study for Millimeter-Wave Wi-Fi – an academic article by Alexander Marinšek, Daan Delabie, Lieven De Strycker and Liesbet Van der Perre.

The 5G PPP PROJECTS Brochure was released and the H2020 REINDEER project it is mentioned on page 62.

The sixth issue of the European 5G Annual Journal was released at the end of May 2021. H2020 REINDEER contribution on pages 123-124.

R&I initiatives on 6G technologies are now starting in leading regions worldwide, with the first products and infrastructures expected for the end of this decade. In January 2021, a first set of 6G projects was launched, worth 60 million EUR under the 5G PPP with the Hexa-X flagship developing a first 6G system concept complemented by 8 projects investigating specific technologies for 6G, putting Europe on a par with our global competitors. In February 2021, the Commission adopted a legislative proposal for the upcoming European partnership on Smart Networks and Services (SNS) towards 6G, the successor of our 5G PPP

6G technology – Domestic Trio Working on Tomorrow’s Mobile Communications – with an eye on future mobile communications standards, a European consortium is working on the next generation of antennas for wireless networks. Austria is clearly represented with NXP, Technikon and TU Graz. Check out the TU Graz press release:

The REINDEER project will address fundamental aspects of 6G multi-antenna technology, by developing a new smart connect compute platform based on RadioWeaves technology. Check out more information in the project poster:

The 5G Infrastructure Association (5G IA) elects its Governing Board and broadens its membership in view of the new ‘Smart Networks and Services’ European Partnership. Check out the press release:

Ericsson embarks on 6G journey with REINDEER – featured in Mobile World Live

The REINDEER project will develop technology to ensure that fast wireless access is where we need it, when we need it.

The official leaflet of the H2020 project “REINDEER” is available, containing project information, mission, vision and goals of the project.

REINDEER featured in Ericsson blog